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Beware of metacognitive laziness: Effects of generative artificial intelligence on learning motivation, processes, and performance — British Journal of Educational Technology

Revision 5c3d9626-42bd-4456-a8d7-efaf998771e7 · 9/26/2026, 3:18:33 PM UTC
Key
fan-2025-metacognitive-laziness
Authors
Fan, Yizhou; Tang, Luzhen; Le, Huixiao; Shen, Kejie; Tan, Shufang; Zhao, Yueying; Shen, Yuan; Li, Xinyu; Gašević, Dragan
Issued
2025
Type
article-journal
Container
British Journal of Educational Technology
Volume
56
Issue
2
Pages
489-530
Raw CSL JSON
{
  "DOI": "10.1111/bjet.13544",
  "URL": "https://bera-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjet.13544",
  "page": "489-530",
  "type": "article-journal",
  "issue": "2",
  "title": "Beware of metacognitive laziness: Effects of generative artificial intelligence on learning motivation, processes, and performance",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Yizhou",
      "family": "Fan"
    },
    {
      "given": "Luzhen",
      "family": "Tang"
    },
    {
      "given": "Huixiao",
      "family": "Le"
    },
    {
      "given": "Kejie",
      "family": "Shen"
    },
    {
      "given": "Shufang",
      "family": "Tan"
    },
    {
      "given": "Yueying",
      "family": "Zhao"
    },
    {
      "given": "Yuan",
      "family": "Shen"
    },
    {
      "given": "Xinyu",
      "family": "Li"
    },
    {
      "given": "Dragan",
      "family": "Gašević"
    }
  ],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025
      ]
    ]
  },
  "volume": "56",
  "container-title": "British Journal of Educational Technology"
}

Claims

  1. The authors propose the term metacognitive laziness for learners' dependence on AI that offloads self-regulation of learning, warning it may yield short-term performance gains alongside long-term skill stagnation.
    "AI technologies such as ChatGPT may promote learners' dependence on technology and potentially trigger metacognitive "laziness"."
    Locator: section: Abstract · Quote language: en
  2. In a randomized lab experiment with 117 university students revising English essays, ChatGPT support improved essay scores more than support from a human expert, a checklist tool or no support, but did not improve intrinsic motivation, knowledge gain or knowledge transfer.
    "ChatGPT can significantly improve short-term task performance, but it may not boost intrinsic motivation and knowledge gain and transfer."
    Locator: section: Practitioner notes · Quote language: en
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