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Your Brain on ChatGPT: Accumulation of Cognitive Debt when Using an AI Assistant for Essay Writing Task — arXiv

Revision 9e3beb2f-0d47-4036-885b-9d91445c21b6 · 5/22/2026, 2:38:34 AM UTC
Key
kosmyna-et-al-2025-brain-chatgpt
Authors
Kosmyna, Nataliya; Hauptmann, Eugene; Yuan, Ye Tong; Situ, Jessica; Liao, Xian-Hao; Beresnitzky, Ashly Vivian; Braunstein, Iris; Maes, Pattie
Issued
2025-6
Type
article
Container
arXiv
Raw CSL JSON
{
  "DOI": "10.48550/arXiv.2506.08872",
  "URL": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.08872",
  "type": "article",
  "title": "Your Brain on ChatGPT: Accumulation of Cognitive Debt when Using an AI Assistant for Essay Writing Task",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Nataliya",
      "family": "Kosmyna"
    },
    {
      "given": "Eugene",
      "family": "Hauptmann"
    },
    {
      "given": "Ye Tong",
      "family": "Yuan"
    },
    {
      "given": "Jessica",
      "family": "Situ"
    },
    {
      "given": "Xian-Hao",
      "family": "Liao"
    },
    {
      "given": "Ashly Vivian",
      "family": "Beresnitzky"
    },
    {
      "given": "Iris",
      "family": "Braunstein"
    },
    {
      "given": "Pattie",
      "family": "Maes"
    }
  ],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        6
      ]
    ]
  },
  "number": "2506.08872",
  "container-title": "arXiv"
}

Claims

  1. In an EEG study of 54 participants across three sessions writing essays with a large language model, with a search engine, or with no tools, the LLM group showed the weakest brain connectivity; an additional fourth session with role reversal involved 18 participants.
    "Participants were divided into three groups: LLM, Search Engine, and Brain-only (no tools). Each completed three sessions under the same condition. In a fourth session, LLM users were reassigned to Brain-only group (LLM-to-Brain), and Brain-only users were reassigned to LLM condition (Brain-to-LLM). A total of 54 participants took part in Sessions 1-3, with 18 completing session 4... EEG revealed significant differences in brain connectivity: Brain-only participants exhibited the strongest, most distributed networks; Search Engine users showed moderate engagement; and LLM users displayed the weakest connectivity."
    Quote language: en
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