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Your Brain on ChatGPT: Accumulation of Cognitive Debt when Using an AI Assistant for Essay Writing Task — arXiv

Revision 18ded226-8caa-4a23-bc07-7f0db12e472d · 9/26/2026, 3:06:48 PM UTC
Key
kosmyna-2025-your-brain-on-chatgpt
Authors
Kosmyna, Nataliya; Hauptmann, Eugene; Yuan, Ye Tong; Situ, Jessica; Liao, Xian-Hao; Beresnitzky, Ashly Vivian; Braunstein, Iris; Maes, Pattie
Issued
2025-6-10
Type
article
Publisher
arXiv
Raw CSL JSON
{
  "DOI": "10.48550/arXiv.2506.08872",
  "URL": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.08872",
  "type": "article",
  "genre": "Preprint",
  "title": "Your Brain on ChatGPT: Accumulation of Cognitive Debt when Using an AI Assistant for Essay Writing Task",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Nataliya",
      "family": "Kosmyna"
    },
    {
      "given": "Eugene",
      "family": "Hauptmann"
    },
    {
      "given": "Ye Tong",
      "family": "Yuan"
    },
    {
      "given": "Jessica",
      "family": "Situ"
    },
    {
      "given": "Xian-Hao",
      "family": "Liao"
    },
    {
      "given": "Ashly Vivian",
      "family": "Beresnitzky"
    },
    {
      "given": "Iris",
      "family": "Braunstein"
    },
    {
      "given": "Pattie",
      "family": "Maes"
    }
  ],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        6,
        10
      ]
    ]
  },
  "number": "arXiv:2506.08872",
  "publisher": "arXiv"
}

Claims

  1. In an EEG study of 54 Boston-area participants aged 18 to 39 writing essays, brain connectivity was weakest in the group using an LLM, intermediate with a search engine, and strongest with no tools.
    "Brain connectivity systematically scaled down with the amount of external support: the Brain‑only group exhibited the strongest, widest‑ranging networks, Search Engine group showed intermediate engagement, and LLM assistance elicited the weakest overall coupling."
    Locator: section: Abstract · Quote language: en
  2. After the first session, 15 of 18 participants in the LLM group failed to correctly quote from the essay they had just written, compared with 2 of 18 in each of the other groups.
    "In the LLM‑assisted group, 83.3 % of participants (15/18) failed to provide a correct quotation, whereas only 11.1 % (2/18) in both the Search‑Engine and Brain‑Only groups encountered the same difficulty."
    Locator: section: Interview results, Question 3 · Quote language: en
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