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Social Effects of the Generic Masculine — Open Social Psychology (FORRT)

Revision be8e2d71-310d-4114-9d0c-342f9f94d36f · 10/6/2026, 3:32:02 PM UTC
Key
forrt-social-effects-generic-masculine
Type
chapter
Container
Open Social Psychology (FORRT)
Publisher
Framework for Open and Reproducible Research Training
URL
https://forrt.org/open-social-psychology/chapter23.html
Raw CSL JSON 
{
  "URL": "https://forrt.org/open-social-psychology/chapter23.html",
  "type": "chapter",
  "title": "Social Effects of the Generic Masculine",
  "language": "en",
  "publisher": "Framework for Open and Reproducible Research Training",
  "container-title": "Open Social Psychology (FORRT)"
}

Claims

  1. inclusive-forms-raise-female-recall
    Experiments with German speakers (Stahlberg and colleagues, 2001) found that paired and capital-I forms made women more visible than the masculine default in tasks like naming favorite heroes and musicians; a 2024 replication across 12 laboratories with 2,697 participants (Brohmer and colleagues) found the same for split pairs, internal I, and gender-star forms.
    Locator: section: Primary studies
  2. spanish-nonbinary-forms
    A study of 538 Argentine participants (Stetie and Zunino, 2022) found that non-binary Spanish forms (-x and -e endings) mostly led to a "men and women" interpretation, while masculine forms mostly evoked male representations.
    Locator: section: Cross-linguistic evidence
Available in
en - English