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The self-reference effect in memory: A meta-analysis — Psychological Bulletin

Revision c5efc512-8d43-4abd-a1fb-2869218208f0 · 10/6/2026, 3:27:56 PM UTC
Key
symons-johnson-1997-meta-analysis
Authors
Symons, Cynthia S.; Johnson, Blair T.
Issued
1997
Type
article-journal
Container
Psychological Bulletin
Volume
121
Issue
3
Pages
371-394
Raw CSL JSON
{
  "DOI": "10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.371",
  "URL": "https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/chip_docs/9",
  "page": "371-394",
  "type": "article-journal",
  "issue": "3",
  "title": "The self-reference effect in memory: A meta-analysis",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Cynthia S.",
      "family": "Symons"
    },
    {
      "given": "Blair T.",
      "family": "Johnson"
    }
  ],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1997
      ]
    ]
  },
  "volume": "121",
  "container-title": "Psychological Bulletin"
}

Claims

  1. A meta-analysis found that self-referent encoding produced better memory than both semantic encoding and other-referent encoding, and attributed the effect mainly to the self being a well-developed, often-used construct that promotes elaboration and organization of encoded information.
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