CITATION — REFERENCE ENTRY
An Audio-based Real-time Beat Tracking System for Music With or Without Drum-sounds — Journal of New Music Research
- Key
- goto2001-realtime-beat-tracking
- Authors
- Goto, Masataka
- Issued
- 2001-6
- Type
- article-journal
- Container
- Journal of New Music Research
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 159-171
Raw CSL JSON
{
"DOI": "10.1076/jnmr.30.2.159.7114",
"URL": "https://staff.aist.go.jp/m.goto/PAPER/JNMR2001goto.pdf",
"page": "159-171",
"type": "article-journal",
"issue": "2",
"title": "An Audio-based Real-time Beat Tracking System for Music With or Without Drum-sounds",
"author": [
{
"given": "Masataka",
"family": "Goto"
}
],
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2001,
6
]
]
},
"volume": "30",
"container-title": "Journal of New Music Research"
}
Claims
-
Main issues in audio beat tracking are detecting cues, interpreting them to infer the beat structure, and handling ambiguity, since no single sound necessarily indicates the beat; Goto's system examines multiple beat hypotheses in parallel with multiple agents. It assumes 4/4 time and a roughly constant tempo.
"The main issues in recognizing the beat structure in realworld musical acoustic signals are (1) detecting beat-tracking cues in audio signals, (2) interpreting the cues to infer the beat structure, and (3) dealing with the ambiguity of interpretation. [...] Because there is not necessarily a single specific sound that directly indicates the beat position, there are various ambiguous situations. [...] It assumes that the time-signature of an input song is 4/4 and that the tempo is roughly constant"
-
Goto's system tracks quarter-note, half-note, and measure levels in real time from popular-music CD audio, with or without drums, using knowledge of onset times, chord changes, and drum patterns; most earlier systems used MIDI input. Applications include beat-driven computer graphics and lighting control.
"This paper describes a real-time beat tracking system that recognizes a hierarchical beat structure comprising the quarter-note, half-note, and measure levels in real-world audio signals sampled from popular-music compact discs. Most previous beat-tracking systems dealt with MIDI signals and had difficulty in processing, in real time, audio signals containing sounds of various instruments and in tracking beats above the quarter-note level. The system described here can process music with drums and music without drums and can recognize the hierarchical beat structure by using three kinds of musical knowledge: of onset times, of chord changes, and of drum patterns. This paper also describes several applications of beat tracking, such as beat-driven real-time computer graphics and lighting control."
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